1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,640 Hello dear viewers, I am Friedrich, welcome back to 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:06,680 Friedrich's time machine. Travel today we go to Nuremberg in the year 1500. 3 00:00:07,260 --> 00:00:12,440 Close your eyes briefly and when you see them opens again, we are standing in the middle of it 4 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:17,800 Main market, one of the liveliest Places of the entire Holy Roman 5 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:22,720 Rich. It's a Tuesday morning April of the year 1500. 6 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:29,320 Nuremberg is a free imperial city. This means no duke, no bishop. 7 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:35,540 No prince rules here. Only the emperor stands above her and the emperor is far away 8 00:00:35,540 --> 00:00:41,340 away. About 25,000 people live within the city walls. With the 9 00:00:41,340 --> 00:00:42,660 There are more in the suburbs. 10 00:00:43,260 --> 00:00:48,260 Nuremberg is one of the wealthiest Cities north of space. For comparison, 11 00:00:48,480 --> 00:00:54,980 Hamburg might count at this time 12,000 inhabitants, Augsburg around 20,000, 12 00:00:55,140 --> 00:00:57,280 Frankfurt almost 10,000. 13 00:00:57,820 --> 00:01:02,640 Bigger, richer and more connected than almost every other German city. 14 00:01:03,180 --> 00:01:08,560 But what really drives Nuremberg are his workshops, his inventors, 15 00:01:08,700 --> 00:01:11,820 the goods that are there in all sends you to the cardinal points. 16 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:17,880 With the help of Cain's support Reconstruction based on preserved ones 17 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:22,560 Council minutes from the city archives Nuremberg, contemporary commercial and 18 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:27,620 Guild registers and archaeological ones Findings of medieval town houses, 19 00:01:27,660 --> 00:01:32,840 let's reconstruct a typical day in a city that is just about to 20 00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:34,340 to change the world. 21 00:01:35,180 --> 00:01:40,300 Our path leads through seven stations, from first light into the workshop garden 22 00:01:40,300 --> 00:01:44,960 until the night when the gates fall and the guards make their rounds. 23 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:51,000 We are standing in an alley east of the Lorenzplatz, in the heart of the 24 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:56,640 craftsmen's quarter. The first thing you perceive is the sound. Already before 25 00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:02,520 Sunrise pounding a steady, rhythmic beating from at least 26 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:04,080 three directions at the same time. 27 00:02:05,270 --> 00:02:07,270 Nuremberg doesn't sleep long. 28 00:02:08,030 --> 00:02:13,250 The houses are made of sandstone and Half-timbered, squat, wide, 29 00:02:13,250 --> 00:02:19,170 massive on the ground floor. This is where it lies Workshop, here is the warehouse, here 30 00:02:19,170 --> 00:02:20,310 the day begins. 31 00:02:20,890 --> 00:02:25,990 The upper floors protrude, the alley gets narrower the higher you look. 32 00:02:26,770 --> 00:02:31,110 On the fourth floor you could almost reach out your hand to the other person. 33 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:34,700 On the ground floor of a master locksmith the day begins. 34 00:02:34,980 --> 00:02:39,920 The apprentice, 14 years old, from one village in Franconia fucked here, 35 00:02:40,020 --> 00:02:43,660 pulls the forge into motion, slowly, along Method. 36 00:02:44,260 --> 00:02:47,260 He sees an error when heating up Master immediately. 37 00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:52,000 The master locksmith has a reputation extends far beyond Nuremberg's walls. 38 00:02:52,380 --> 00:02:56,540 His castles go to Venice, to Krakow, to Seville. 39 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:02,320 Buyers from all over Europe order here, because nowhere else is the quality like this 40 00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:03,320 is reliable. 41 00:03:03,680 --> 00:03:05,740 The city guaranteed that. 42 00:03:05,980 --> 00:03:09,920 Strict regulations, masterpieces, Quality checks. 43 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:14,260 Who in Nuremberg has the master's mark wears, deserves it. 44 00:03:14,700 --> 00:03:19,900 The master knows every buyer, everyone Payment deadline, any price. 45 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:25,320 When her husband is at the trade fair in Frankfurt the business runs under their control 46 00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:26,500 without interruption. 47 00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,620 Women in Nuremberg are in the trades a comparatively independent one 48 00:03:31,620 --> 00:03:36,940 position. In the workshop, in the books, in everyday business. In 49 00:03:36,940 --> 00:03:40,900 They don't sit in the markets for advice but negotiate. 50 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:45,640 While the food is glowing and first Footsteps filling the alleys draw us 51 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:47,620 the path to the heart of the city. 52 00:03:48,060 --> 00:03:53,400 The main market is bigger than you expected and wide and almost theatrical 53 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:55,320 open to a narrow alley. 54 00:03:55,820 --> 00:04:00,140 Around him, town houses, guild houses, Kramhuden. 55 00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:05,240 On the north side the portal Frauenkirche and in the middle the beautiful one 56 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:06,240 Spring. 57 00:04:06,660 --> 00:04:12,800 Octagonal, almost 20 meters high, crowned surrounded by a golden spire 58 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:16,760 Figures, emperors, electors, prophets. 59 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:24,060 It has stood here since 1396. He gathers the power of the empire in one 60 00:04:24,060 --> 00:04:27,340 Fountain basin. Behind him the Frauenkirche. 61 00:04:27,700 --> 00:04:28,980 Emperor Charles IV 62 00:04:29,280 --> 00:04:30,780 had them in the middle of the 14th century. 63 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:35,480 century, on the ground the former Jewish synagogue, 64 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:42,260 after the Jewish community of Nuremberg was wiped out in the great pogrom in 1349. 65 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:46,240 This is the story of the stone not told. 66 00:04:46,660 --> 00:04:48,940 Only those who know hear it. 67 00:04:49,940 --> 00:04:52,280 The market itself is a swarm. 68 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:57,620 vegetables, cloth, spices, leather, Hardware, gingerbread, finery. 69 00:04:58,060 --> 00:05:03,000 Dealers from Augsburg are standing nearby shopkeepers from Bohemia. A Venetian 70 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,660 Merchant is negotiating with one Linen weaver from the Allgäu. The languages 71 00:05:07,660 --> 00:05:08,660 mix. 72 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:14,020 Middle High German, Latin, Venetian, some polish at a table in the 73 00:05:14,020 --> 00:05:15,020 corner. 74 00:05:15,150 --> 00:05:20,510 A councilor walks through the market, Fur trim on the collar, expensive cloth, 75 00:05:20,550 --> 00:05:21,550 measured step. 76 00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:26,070 He nods to no one, behind him Servant with a basket. 77 00:05:26,330 --> 00:05:30,450 The councilman doesn't buy himself, that is beneath his dignity. 78 00:05:31,150 --> 00:05:35,970 A gingerbread baker has a stand with goods that have been available since the previous year 79 00:05:35,970 --> 00:05:37,010 were prepared. 80 00:05:37,610 --> 00:05:42,370 Honey, spices, baked according to one Recipe the family has had for three 81 00:05:42,370 --> 00:05:43,870 generations. 82 00:05:44,700 --> 00:05:49,580 Nuremberg gingerbread goes to Poland, to England, the Netherlands, the 83 00:05:49,580 --> 00:05:52,340 Forest type. She negotiates the prices yourself. 84 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:59,360 Nuremberg goods, knives, locks, Circles, toys, tiny ones 85 00:05:59,360 --> 00:06:04,700 Metal work of all kinds is called in all of Europe simply Nuremberg Tant. 86 00:06:05,100 --> 00:06:09,820 That sounds derogatory, but it's not. It's recognition. 87 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:14,220 When something comes from Nuremberg, you know It works. 88 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:18,820 Today Nuremberg is mainly because of one thing known in other markets. 89 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:24,300 The Christmas market counts every year over two million visitors. The 90 00:06:24,300 --> 00:06:26,460 most famous Christmas market in the world. 91 00:06:26,900 --> 00:06:32,640 What here 1500 than ordinary Everyday market begins is the precursor 92 00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:33,640 of everything. 93 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:38,760 While traders haggle and coins Changing owners is where the path leads us 94 00:06:38,760 --> 00:06:42,140 up. To the place that towers above everything. 95 00:06:42,860 --> 00:06:46,420 You can see the whole thing from the castle city. 96 00:06:46,700 --> 00:06:52,240 Red roofs, church spiers, the Pegnitz, which appears as a silver band 97 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:53,980 meanders through the sea of houses. 98 00:06:54,260 --> 00:07:00,240 And the city wall, all of that encloses. Over five kilometers long, 99 00:07:00,360 --> 00:07:05,620 with towers, kennels, gates, on the Main ideas lead twice. 100 00:07:05,980 --> 00:07:09,900 The castle looks sober from the outside, almost barren. 101 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:14,520 The splendor is elsewhere, the power is here. 102 00:07:14,820 --> 00:07:21,420 They have been stored in these walls since 1424 Imperial jewels, the imperial crown, 103 00:07:21,560 --> 00:07:27,600 the imperial sword, the holy lance, the imperial scepter, the insignia of the 104 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:29,320 Holy Roman Empire. 105 00:07:29,660 --> 00:07:34,080 King Sigismund transferred it back then Nuremberg because the city as 106 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:36,840 most reliable place in the entire empire was valid. 107 00:07:37,420 --> 00:07:42,160 That was a vote of confidence and a enormous economic advantage 108 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:47,460 at the same time. Once a year, for Healing instruction, the relics become 109 00:07:47,460 --> 00:07:48,460 shown to the people. 110 00:07:49,020 --> 00:07:53,280 Thousands come from Bavaria, from Bohemia, from the Netherlands. 111 00:07:53,660 --> 00:07:58,660 Pilgrims who traveled for weeks to towards the crown for a few minutes 112 00:07:58,660 --> 00:08:02,320 look under which all the emperors of the were crowned empires. 113 00:08:03,020 --> 00:08:05,400 Every pilgrim needs accommodation. 114 00:08:05,820 --> 00:08:07,400 Every pilgrim buys something. 115 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:12,440 Nuremberg understood holiness early on is also economics. 116 00:08:13,480 --> 00:08:18,320 Maximilian I, king and later Emperor, estimates Nuremberg. 117 00:08:18,540 --> 00:08:24,060 Here he holds court days and imperial negotiations are conducted within these walls. This 118 00:08:24,060 --> 00:08:26,460 says everything about the rank of this city. 119 00:08:27,100 --> 00:08:29,580 The imperial castle still stands today. 120 00:08:29,980 --> 00:08:33,539 Over 400,000 visit them every year people. 121 00:08:34,090 --> 00:08:37,110 The most visited historical building Bavaria. 122 00:08:37,610 --> 00:08:44,510 The imperial jewels are long gone, Brought to Vienna in 1796 as Napoleon 123 00:08:44,510 --> 00:08:45,970 the empire was shattered. 124 00:08:46,510 --> 00:08:49,270 They are in Vienna today Treasury. 125 00:08:49,690 --> 00:08:52,030 Nuremberg only houses the copies. 126 00:08:52,730 --> 00:08:57,650 While the tower guards the horizon search and down in the market of the 127 00:08:57,650 --> 00:09:02,590 Noise swells, the path leads us in what really defines Nuremberg. 128 00:09:03,160 --> 00:09:09,040 We're back in the garden, this time near Burgstrasse. Above one 129 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:13,620 A sign hangs on the workshop door, a name, Albrecht Dürer. 130 00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:20,140 He is 29 years old this year, just returned from Venice. There 131 00:09:20,140 --> 00:09:23,700 he has seen how artists are treated become, like gentlemen. 132 00:09:24,180 --> 00:09:29,360 In Venice, a painter wears a velvet coat and sits at the table next to scholars. 133 00:09:30,220 --> 00:09:33,480 In Nuremberg he is a member of the guild among many. 134 00:09:33,820 --> 00:09:35,320 He thinks about it. 135 00:09:35,820 --> 00:09:41,900 And in this year, 1500, Dürer paints his most famous self-portrait. 136 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:48,820 Frontal, symmetrical, a look that... does not let go of the viewer. He paints it 137 00:09:48,820 --> 00:09:54,120 Artist in the image of God, one Thoughts that no one before him thought of 138 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:55,680 wise on wood. 139 00:09:56,060 --> 00:10:00,680 It's a silent revolution, recorded on a wooden board. 140 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:05,840 Today this picture hangs in the old one Pinakothek in Munich and is one of the 141 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:07,440 most famous paintings in the world. 142 00:10:08,140 --> 00:10:12,720 There is another one not far away Workshop. There manufactures one 143 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:16,720 instrument maker astrolabes, Compasses, quadrants. 144 00:10:17,260 --> 00:10:21,080 Objects that boatmen use at high altitudes See the stars read. 145 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:25,200 Objects that lead the way into unknown waters will show. 146 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:31,100 It was only eight years ago that Martin Beheim, Nuremberg merchant and 147 00:10:31,100 --> 00:10:37,000 Cosmograph, the world's first globe completed the potato. 148 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:41,960 It shows the continents Trade routes, the known world. 149 00:10:42,660 --> 00:10:43,700 America is missing. 150 00:10:44,480 --> 00:10:49,000 Columbus is seven years earlier returned, but in Nuremberg they know 151 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,040 still not what he really found has. 152 00:10:51,380 --> 00:10:55,280 The card is out of date before the ink has dried. 153 00:10:56,140 --> 00:10:59,360 And then there's the printing press, three of them houses further. 154 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:04,820 Anton Koberger, the richest publisher Germany, is based in Nuremberg. 155 00:11:05,180 --> 00:11:09,140 24 printing presses, over 100 employees. 156 00:11:09,460 --> 00:11:15,620 This appeared here seven years ago “Vedel World Chronicle”, 1809 157 00:11:15,620 --> 00:11:20,340 Woodcuts, in Latin and on German, the history of the world from the 158 00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:24,980 Creation until the Second Coming. This most expensive book project of its time. 159 00:11:26,190 --> 00:11:30,170 What defines this city goes far beyond that trade and crafts. 160 00:11:30,590 --> 00:11:33,610 This is where we think, measure and invent. 161 00:11:34,450 --> 00:11:39,250 While arrows, blades and drafts created on paper, the path leads us 162 00:11:39,250 --> 00:11:42,650 to the place where the city above itself decides for yourself. 163 00:11:42,890 --> 00:11:49,250 The town hall on the main market is the headquarters of the Nuremberg City Council. And this one 164 00:11:49,250 --> 00:11:53,550 Rat is different than almost everyone else in German cities of that time. 165 00:11:53,980 --> 00:11:56,860 Only the patricians sit here. 166 00:11:57,120 --> 00:12:02,720 Old families, the cloths, the Stromer, the Holzschuher, the Pirkeimer. 167 00:12:03,220 --> 00:12:06,700 Names that have been the same for generations Occupy benches. 168 00:12:07,340 --> 00:12:12,500 In other cities there are craftsmen fought, sometimes successfully, for one 169 00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:13,500 place on the council. 170 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:17,760 In Nuremberg this had a short period in 1348 works. 171 00:12:18,670 --> 00:12:23,390 The craftsmen's guilds tried to fight for a say. The council struck 172 00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:28,150 back. The ringleaders became banished, the guilds remunerated. 173 00:12:28,870 --> 00:12:33,710 Nuremberg's craftsmen still have to this day no guilds in the true sense. You 174 00:12:33,710 --> 00:12:37,050 have brotherhoods and Cooperatives that the council 175 00:12:37,050 --> 00:12:43,150 controlled. The craftsmen create the wealth, the council manages it. 176 00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:45,970 Nothing has changed since then. 177 00:12:46,890 --> 00:12:49,810 Still, the city charter is amazing precise. 178 00:12:50,570 --> 00:12:54,530 Court proceedings are regulated, verdicts recorded in writing. 179 00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:58,310 No citizen can go without a trial be imprisoned. 180 00:12:58,790 --> 00:13:04,410 Emperors and imperial princes ask him Nuremberg advice for advice, in the most literal sense 181 00:13:04,410 --> 00:13:10,650 sense. One of the council staff is sitting today Willibald Pirkheimer, humanist, 182 00:13:10,690 --> 00:13:14,690 Lawyer, patrician, friend of Albrecht Dürer. 183 00:13:15,230 --> 00:13:21,130 He studied in Padua and Pavia, knows Greek antiquity, translated 184 00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:22,550 Lucian into German. 185 00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:28,230 What you would call a public today intellectuals, governed 186 00:13:28,230 --> 00:13:33,470 together with his peers a free imperial city of 25,000 187 00:13:33,470 --> 00:13:40,230 people. Power and education all in one roof. This fits in Nuremberg around 1500 188 00:13:40,230 --> 00:13:41,230 together. 189 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:46,740 While inkwells emptied and wiegel tends to be pressed into hot wax 190 00:13:46,740 --> 00:13:48,640 the working day is coming to an end. 191 00:13:48,920 --> 00:13:54,520 The workshops flow, the market stalls are dismantled and in the pubs 192 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:55,780 the tables fill up. 193 00:13:56,060 --> 00:14:01,540 Nuremberg drinks Franconian wine, bitter, dry, from the vineyards west of the 194 00:14:01,540 --> 00:14:06,180 city. There is also meat, bratwursts, short and thin. 195 00:14:06,460 --> 00:14:12,620 The council already had their preparation in 1497 regulated. size, weight, 196 00:14:12,660 --> 00:14:17,940 Composition. Nowhere else in the A city councilor dictates how 197 00:14:17,940 --> 00:14:22,140 looks like a sausage. That is typical Nuremberg. 198 00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:27,900 A cup of wine costs three pfennigs, a bowl of porridge with bacon four 199 00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:33,470 Pennies. A journeyman earns on a good working day eight to twelve 200 00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:37,910 Pennies, enough to eat and drink, scarce for everything else. 201 00:14:38,470 --> 00:14:43,430 Sitting at a long table Kirschner journeyman, a printer 202 00:14:43,430 --> 00:14:47,150 Koberger's workshop and a traveling one Dealer from Leipzig. 203 00:14:47,490 --> 00:14:53,170 The printer speaks the most. He has just 500 copies of one 204 00:14:53,170 --> 00:14:57,090 completed in Latin script, in printed in three days. 205 00:14:57,950 --> 00:15:03,630 60 years ago the same thing would have had a monk took a year of writing. He 206 00:15:03,630 --> 00:15:05,870 knows that. He is proud of it. 207 00:15:06,650 --> 00:15:11,590 In the corner a Benkel singer is singing Ballad about the voyages of discovery 208 00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:16,210 West. He knows the exact details no, no one here knows her. 209 00:15:16,450 --> 00:15:21,470 But the melody is catchy and the Listeners nod to the rhythm. 210 00:15:22,090 --> 00:15:27,430 Women alone in the pub customs, are considered suspicious, as in 211 00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:29,690 every other German city this time. 212 00:15:30,650 --> 00:15:35,530 While voices get louder and candles burn down, the city closes to her 213 00:15:35,530 --> 00:15:36,650 face to the night. 214 00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:41,310 Nuremberg's twelve goals close Nightfall. 215 00:15:41,710 --> 00:15:45,130 Guards put forward castles in Walden are rotated. 216 00:15:45,590 --> 00:15:48,930 Nuremberg castles of our own production. 217 00:15:49,930 --> 00:15:52,390 Whoever is outside stays outside. 218 00:15:52,670 --> 00:15:56,650 The city wall runs for five Kilometers, double to the 219 00:15:56,650 --> 00:16:01,170 Main avenues of inspiration. First the kennel, then the inner wall ring. 220 00:16:01,450 --> 00:16:05,530 The night watch runs its rounds bright bards and lanterns. 221 00:16:06,130 --> 00:16:11,830 Fire watch is mandatory. In a city made of wooden framework, an overturned one is sufficient 222 00:16:11,830 --> 00:16:15,850 Candlestick for a catastrophe, the whole thing Streets destroyed. 223 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,540 The Pegnitz flows black and silent through the middle of the city. 224 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:27,060 To the south the Lorenzviertel, to the north that Sebaldviertel. The river divides Nuremberg 225 00:16:27,060 --> 00:16:30,920 in two halves for centuries compete with each other. 226 00:16:31,460 --> 00:16:33,500 Which church is more powerful? 227 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:37,260 Which neighborhood is richer? Which fountain more beautiful? 228 00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:40,240 The people of Nuremberg take such questions seriously. 229 00:16:40,520 --> 00:16:45,920 The Holy Spirit Hospital is half in Water, on bridge pillars above the 230 00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:46,920 Pegnitz. 231 00:16:47,210 --> 00:16:48,570 Since the early 14th century 232 00:16:48,810 --> 00:16:53,910 For centuries it has cared for the sick and old Willows. It is one of the largest 233 00:16:53,910 --> 00:16:55,950 Hospitals in the German-speaking area. 234 00:16:56,630 --> 00:17:02,030 Those who don't get a place, and many don't get one, sleep in archways 235 00:17:02,030 --> 00:17:03,950 or under the bridges on the river. 236 00:17:04,290 --> 00:17:09,510 In April the nights are still cold. In a workshop near Burgstrasse 237 00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:10,510 the light is still on. 238 00:17:10,690 --> 00:17:14,089 A 29-year-old painter works at night. 239 00:17:14,650 --> 00:17:17,050 He sleeps little, thinks a lot. 240 00:17:18,010 --> 00:17:23,130 The road rolls outside the gates to Frankfurt, to Venice, to 241 00:17:23,130 --> 00:17:28,490 Bruges. The first ones will be up tomorrow morning Dealers already at the gates when the 242 00:17:28,490 --> 00:17:30,110 Guard the Balts again. 243 00:17:30,830 --> 00:17:33,730 Nuremberg sleeps, but not for long. 244 00:17:34,310 --> 00:17:36,610 That was Nuremberg around the year 1500. 245 00:17:36,930 --> 00:17:41,510 A city at its peak Power, their creativity and their 246 00:17:41,510 --> 00:17:43,970 Contradictions. I hope the trip has you like. 247 00:17:44,410 --> 00:17:48,590 If this video means something to you, feel free to leave a like. It helps that 248 00:17:48,590 --> 00:17:49,589 Channel enormous. 249 00:17:49,590 --> 00:17:54,030 And if you don't travel back in time anymore If you don't want to miss it, subscribe to Friedrichs 250 00:17:54,030 --> 00:17:56,290 Time machine. Until the next trip.